ArcGIS Server - A GIS server for enterprise application.
MapServer - Publishing spatial data and interactive mapping applications to the web
GeoServer - An open source server for sharing geospatial data
QGIS Server - a FastCGI/CGI application written in C++ that works together with a webserver.
deegree - An open source software for spatial data infrastructures and the geospatial web
GeoDjango - A GIS server built with python web framework -- django
Mapnik - An open source mapping toolkit written in C++ for desktop-based and server-based map rendering
geomajas - An open source platform to create Web GIS applications
GeoMOOSE - A Web Client JavaScript Framework for displaying distributed cartographic data
mapbender3 - Publishing spatial data infrastructure services on the Symfony 2 PHP
MapFish - A framework for building rich web-mapping applications built with Pylons Python web framework
MapGuide - A Web Client JavaScript Framework for displaying distributed cartographic data
Nanocubes - An in-memory data structure for spatiotemporal data cubes. Github Link
GeoTrellis - A geographic data processing engine for high performance applications that uses Spark to work with raster data.
NextGIS Web - An open source framework for storage, visualization and permissions management of all kinds of geospatial data.
OpenMapTiles Map Server - Map server running in Docker container to create vector maps and GIS applications.
OpenTileServer - This script is for building a basic tile server with OpenStreetMap data.
SuperMap iServer - A Cloud GIS application server based on high-efficiency cross-platform GIS kernel, having the functions like 2D & 3D integration service publishing, management and cluster, providing multi-layer extension development abilities.
GeoWebCache - A java web application used to cache map tiles coming from a variety of sources such as OGC WMS in order to accelerate and optimize map image delivery.
Google Earth Enterprise - the open source release of Google Earth Enterprise, a geospatial application which provides the ability to build and host custom 3D globes and 2D maps.
GeoNode - Open Source Geospatial Content Management System.
Baremaps - An open source pipeline for producing Mapbox vector tiles from OpenStreetMap with Postgis and Java.